Immigrants must sometimes reconcile contradictory impulses. Having left their homes to evade oppression or economic hardships, they often seek to recreate familiar communities in their new lands. This synagogue window is a testament to the successful efforts of hundreds of Russian Jews to recreate a familiar community in Sheboygan, Wisconsin in the early twentieth century.

Around 1907 the congregation of Adas Israel (Community of Israel), which had formed in the 1890s, acquired the building that became the city’s second synagogue. In 1910 the congregation moved that building from North 8th Street to the southwest corner of North 13th Street and Carl Avenue, where it became known as “The White Shul.”

The White Shul educated Jewish children and provided spiritual sustenance for Sheboygan’s Jewish community for the next thirty years. But as the founding members aged, many of their children didn’t feel the same connection to the Orthodox Judaism of their parents and grandparents. Membership in Adas Israel declined, and another Jewish congregation grew in its place. In 1944, the children and grandchildren of Sheboygan’s original Jewish immigrants founded Congregation Beth El, a Conservative rather than Orthodox congregation. The Beth El congregation rented the Adas Israel synagogue as its headquarters and Hebrew school from 1945 until its own, newly-built synagogue was completed in September 1951. Congregation Adas Israel formally dissolved in 1953, and their building was sold to a Christian congregation, The Church of God.

In the following years, the building’s new owners removed most of The White Shul’s original architectural details, including an onion dome. But one window remained, visible only from the rear of the building on a wall facing away from the street. This leaded window features a Magen David (Star of David) pattern of colored glass set into a wooden frame. The window’s maker is not known, but it likely dates from about 1910, when the building was moved to its final location.

After World War II, Congregation Beth El became the center of Jewish life in Sheboygan. As late as 1960, there were about 250 Jewish families living in Sheboygan, with perhaps 1,000 members. In recent decades, however, that number has declined significantly. Joel Alpert explained the decrease at a 1999 reunion of the Jewish Community in Sheboygan: “as the second and third generations became educated beyond the local job market, they emigrated to larger cities.”

One of these educated émigrés is Sheboygan native David Schoenkin, who now lives in New York. David can trace his Sheboygan roots to his grandfather, Charles Schoenkin, who left the “Pale of Settlement”, a territory where the Imperial Russian state confined its Jewish subjects, and settled his family near the White Shul in the early 1900s.

On his periodic visits back to Sheboygan, David Schoenkin would pass the former Adas Israel building and notice the surviving Star of David window. In 2006, he felt compelled to preserve this reminder of Sheboygan’s Jewish history. He traded a new, energy-efficient window to the current occupant of the building, in exchange for this evocative artifact. Along with his brother Charles and his sisters Kathy and Marsha, David donated the Star of David window to the Wisconsin Historical Society in memory of their parents, Nathan and Susan Schoenkin.

History does not stand still. The faith of Sheboygan’s first Jewish immigrants evolved in its new American surroundings, and many of their descendants have dispersed throughout the country. The White Shul is no longer a synagogue. Still, this window survives as a tangible reminder of how, as David Schoenkin told The Sheboygan Press in 2006, “Wisconsin opened its arms to those that wanted to build new lives and have the freedom to practice their religion.”

This story was edited and adapted from David Driscoll’s original Curators’ Favorites article (September 2007).

Sources

“Former Synagogue Will Have Star of David Preserved,” “The Sheboygan Press”, June 9, 2006.

Commemorative booklet, “25th anniversary, Congregation Beth El, 1944-1969” (Sheboygan, WI: The Congregation, 1969), WHS Library, Call Number: PAM 89- 752.

Microfilm copy of the minutes and financial records of the Adas Israel congregation, c. 1900-1931, WHS Library Micro 342 (P83-1345). Most of the contents are written in Yiddish.

“JewishGen”, a Jewish genealogical web site, hosts a very informative collection of stories, recollections and photographs of Sheboygan’s Jewish community at www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Sheboygan/.

A guide to the history and culture of Jewish Belarus is at www.belarusguide.com/culture1/.

Wisconsin Historical Society

This object is part of the Curators’ Favorites Collection at the Wisconsin Historical Society. Explore other objects from this collection here!

This object has been featured on WPR's Wisconsin Life!

Essay by David Driscoll, Wisconsin State Historical Society
Produced for Wisconsin Life by Molly Hunken

In the early 20th century, millions of Jewish people fled Russia due to persecution and poor quality of life. Some of them ended up in Wisconsin. In Sheboygan, a former synagogue with an historic stained glass window acts as a testament to the area’s once thriving Jewish community.

Listen below to the segment from Wisconsin Public Radio’s Wisconsin Life.