Measuring over six feet in length and weighing thirty-two pounds, this gigantic folding knife belonged to Wisconsin representative John Fox “Bowie Knife” Potter who was famous as a dedicated abolitionist and infamous for his willingness to use physical force on the United States House floor of the against pro-slavery southern representatives. The knife features a rosewood and brass handle and a blade with engravings on either side. One side reads, “Presented to John F. Potter of Wisconsin by the Republicans of Missouri 1860” and the other, “Will Always Meet a Pyror Engagement”–a reference to the incident that inspired the gift. It was manufactured in Wallingford, Connecticut by the New England Cutlery Company but was kept at Potter’s home in East Troy, Wisconsin until his death in 1899.

The knife was presented to Potter in Chicago at the Republican Convention of 1860 in reference to a particularly infamous incident that Potter had been involved in with a fellow representative. Earlier that year, Representative Owen Lovejoy, a Republican from Illinois had given a speech on the U.S. House floor in which he denounced slavery and southern slaveholders, a stance which particularly angered the chamber’s southern members. Democrat Representative Roger Pryor of Virginia, sprang up and demanded that Lovejoy desist, at which point Republican John Potter rose to defend Lovejoy and his abolitionist arguments. Insults were hurled, but the Speaker of the House and the sergeant-at-arms were able to seemingly stave off further incident. After the official record of the debates was distributed a few days later, Representative Pryor noticed that the transcript was incongruent with his memories of the event, and demanded that remarks that Potter had not made at the time be struck from the official congressional record. He insisted that Potter had “doctored” the record in his favor, and Potter admitted that he asked for the remark to be added after the fact, but only because it had originally been omitted.

Representative John Fox Potter, ca. 1857. Image from the Brady-Handy Photograph Collection (Library of Congress)

Pyror, who perceived the implication that he was being dishonest as an attack on his honor, challenged Potter to a duel to “demand the satisfaction usual among gentlemen.” As late as the nineteenth century, dueling had been a common form of settling disputes of honor, but had been outlawed in many states (including Wisconsin) and Potter likewise despised the practice. Neither wishing to decline the challenge and forfeit his own honor, nor wishing to take part in what he saw as barbarism, Potter had to devise a clever solution. He decided to accept the proposed duel and, as it was customary for the challenged party to choose the weapons, he took this opportunity to make a political statement, proclaiming they would fight with bowie knives—a weapon just as barbarous as the practice of dueling—to expose the folly in settling disputes in such an inhumane manner. Pyror’s second rejected these terms calling them “vulgar, barbarous, and inhuman.” Pryor, who had fled the state to avoid arrest for dueling, also objected to Potter’s terms but still tried to continue the challenge. Unfortunately (or fortunately) for him, Potter had been arrested and briefly detained for disturbing the peace, so the feud never came to any bloodshed. The incident proved to be a humiliation to Pryor on a national scale, and it painted Potter as a northern hero for exposing the foolishness of southern bravado. Potter began to receive bowie knives in the mail from his supporters in reference to his now infamous response to Pryor, spurring the dedication of the “monster knife” to him at the convention.

After narrowly avoiding this duel, Potter continued to use his position in the House to advocate against slavery, particularly with an interest in preventing the horrific and barbaric institution from spreading to new states. He continued to serve as a U.S. Representative until 1862 when he was defeated by the Democrat James Brown over the issue of Civil War. (Potter was against the war, a position that was evidently not as popular with voters as Brown’s pro-war stance won him the seat.) After losing this election, Potter served for three years as the Consul General to the British Provinces in North America, before returning to his estate “Lake Side Manor” in East Troy, Wisconsin to resume his private legal practice. He remained at his home until his death in 1899 but he continues to be remembered as someone willing to fight, sometimes literally, for the rights of all.

Written by Maria Serrano, October 2024.

Image from the Wisconsin Historical Society collection showing the scale of the "Monster Knife." WHS Image #12113

Sources

PGB, “The ‘Monster Knife’ of John Fox Potter.” Curators’ Favorites, Wisconsin Historical Society. April 7, 2005. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2802.

Randall R. Garczynski, Let It Demonstrate: Bowie Knife Potter, Godfather of Phantoms. Mineral Point, Wisc: Little Creek Press, 2014.

“John Fox Potter’s Death Recalls ‘Bowie-Knife’ Incident in Thirty-Sixth Congress,” The New York Times, May 21, 1899.

M. Ouaife, “When Bowie Knife Potter ‘Scalped’ a Fire-Eater” The Milwaukee Journal, November 27, 1921. Reproduced online by the Wisconsin Historical Society. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Newspaper/BA4321.

“The Potter-Pryor Duel,” The Wisconsin Magazine of History 2(4). June 1919. 449-452. https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/1287

Potter’s Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District, “History,” Potters Lake (website). Accessed December 1, 2023. https://potterslake.org/potter-lake-history.html  

‌L.E.S. “Historic Bowie Knife Episode Marks Slavery Debate in Congress,” The Milwaukee Journal, November 7, 1920. Reproduced online by the Wisconsin Historical Society. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Newspaper/BA2699.

Wisconsin Historical Society, “Potter, John Fox 1817 – 1899: Republican Congressman and American Diplomat.” Historical Essays, Wisconsin Historical Society. August 3, 2012. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2489.

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Monster Knife Engraving

Produced for Wisconsin Life by Gil Halstead

On April 5, 1860, as tensions over slavery grew, Wisconsin Congressman John F. Potter was challenged to a duel by a pro-slavery colleague from Virginia. The argument led to a 31-pound, 6-foot-long folding knife and a story that made Potter famous.

Listen below to the segment from Wisconsin Public Radio’s Wisconsin Life.

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